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The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 ВС in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games.
For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later.
In 1894 French Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sport and its educational value.
Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.
In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries, which take part in the Olympic Games.
Summer and Winter Games are held separately.
Перевод топика: Олимпийские игры (1)
Олимпийские игры имеют очень длинную историю. Они начались в 777 г. до нашей эры в Греции и проводились каждые четыре года в течение приблизительно двенадцати столетий в Олимпии. Они включали в себя разные виды спорта: бег, бокс, борьбу и т. п. Все города Греции посылали своих лучших спортсменов в Олимпию для состязаний в играх.
В период игр все войны прекращались. Таким образом, Олимпийские игры стали символом мира и дружбы. В 394 г. нашей эры игры были отменены и не возобновлялись в течение многих веков.
В 1894 г. француз, барон Пьер де Кубертен, обратился ко всем руководящим спортивным органам и указал на важность спорта и его воспитательное значение.
Два года спустя были проведены первые современные Олимпийские игры. Конечно, соревнования проводились в Греции, чтобы символизировать продолжение вековой традиции.
В 1896 г. был создан Международный олимпийский комитет. Это главный орган, определяющий политику Олимпийского движения. В него входят представители всех стран, принимающих участие в Олимпийских играх.
Летние и зимние игры проводятся отдельно.
Олимпийские игры являются крупнейшим международным спортивным соревнованием по зимним и летним видам спорта. Они проходят раз в четыре года в разных локациях. Тысячи спортсменов, представляющих более 200 стран, участвуют в этих международных соревнованиях. Традиция была вдохновлена??идеей Олимпийских игр, которые проводились в Древней Греции с 8 века до н.э. по 4 век н. э. Город игр был расположен недалеко от горы Олимп, откуда и появилось такое название. История современных Олимпийских игр началась в 1894 году. Человеком, возродившим эту античную традицию, был барон Пьер де Кубертен. С тех пор, каждые четыре года, за исключением периода мировых войн, проходили Олимпийские игры.
Изначально игры проводились только летом. Город события каждый раз меняется. Так, первые Летние Олимпийские игры состоялись в Афинах (Греция), в 1896 году. Второй столицей игр стал Париж – родной город Пьера де Кубертена. Первые зимние Олимпийские игры состоялись также во Франции, в 1924 год. Они прошли в горной области Шамони. Если в Древней Греции это событие имело религиозную подоплеку и проводилось в честь Зевса, то современные соревнования проходят в основном в целях дружбы наций и новых достижений. Официальный девиз Олимпийских игр «Citius, Altius, Fortius», что в переводе с латинского означает «Быстрее, выше и сильнее». Следует отметить, что женщинам не разрешалось участвовать в этом крупном международном спортивном мероприятии до 1910 года. Первый вид спорта, в котором они стали состязаться, был гольф. Начиная с 1988 года, после каждых Олимпийских игр следуют Паралимпийские игры, которые созданы для спортсменов с различными ограниченными возможностями.
Разнообразие видов спорта, которые практикуются во время Олимпийских игр, просто поражает. Летние виды спорта включают стрельбу из лука, футбол, езду на велосипеде, греблю на каноэ, хоккей на траве и т.д. Зимние виды спорта еще более зрелищны. Катания на лыжах, бобслей, керлинг, хоккей на льду, фигурное катание, санный спорт, скелетон, биатлон и прочие виды спорта. И это еще не все. Список игр постоянно обновляется. Пожалуй, наиболее впечатляющей частью Олимпийских и Паралимпийских игр являются церемонии открытия и закрытия. Церемония открытия обычно сопровождается целым рядом художественных выступлений, презентаций стран, национальным гимном страны-устроительницы, а также парадом спортсменов. Церемония закрытия снова представляет всех спортсменов, но без национального различия, и президента МОК, который говорит заключительную речь. Выдача медалей – еще одна торжественная часть. Она проводится после каждого соревнования. Победители получают золотые, серебряные и бронзовые медали, в зависимости от результатов соревнования.
| 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Events | [ tuː ˈθaʊzn̩d ˌfɔːˈtiːn əˈlɪmpɪk ənd ˌperəˈlɪmpɪk ˈwɪntə ɡeɪmz ɪˈvents ] | |
| Olympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi | [ əˈlɪmpɪk ˈwɪntə ɡeɪmz əv tuː ˈθaʊzn̩d ˌfɔːˈtiːn ɪn ˈsotʃi ] | Олимпийские зимние игры 2014 года в Сочи |
| winter olympic sports | [ ˈwɪntər əˈlɪmpɪk spɔːts ] | |
| alpine skiing | [ ˈælpaɪn ˈskiːɪŋ ] | горные лыжи / горнолыжный спорт |
| biathlon | [ baɪ"æθlən ] | биатлон |
| bobsleigh (BrE) / bobsled (AmE) | [ ˈbɒbsleɪ ] [ ˈbɒbsled ] | бобслей |
| cross-country skiing | [ krɒs ˈkʌntri ˈskiːɪŋ ] | лыжные гонки |
| curling | [ ˈkɜːlɪŋ ] | кёрлинг |
| figure skating | [ ˈfɪɡə [ ˈskeɪtɪŋ ] | фигурное катание (на коньках) |
| freestyle (skiing) | [ ˈfriːstaɪl ] [ ˈskiːɪŋ ] | (лыжный) фристайл |
| ice hockey | [ aɪs ˈhɒki ] | |
| luge | [ luːʒ ] | санный спорт |
| nordic combined | [ ˈnɔːdɪk kəmˈbaɪnd ] | лыжное двоеборье |
| short track (speed skating) | [ ʃɔːt træk ] [ spiːd ˈskeɪtɪŋ ] | шорт-трек |
| skeleton | [ ˈskelɪtn̩ ] | скелетон |
| ski jumping | [ skiː ˈdʒʌmpɪŋ ] | прыжки на лыжах с трамплина |
| snowboarding | [ "snəubɔːdɪŋ ] | сноубординг |
| (long track) speed skating | [ ˈlɒŋ træk ] [ spiːd ˈskeɪtɪŋ ] | скоростной бег на коньках (конькобежный спорт) |
| Olympic vocabulary | [ əˈlɪmpɪk vəˈkæbjʊləri ] | |
| amateur | [ ˈæmətə ] | любитель |
| anthem | [ ˈænθəm ] | гимн |
| banned | [ bænd ] | запрещенный |
| broadcaster | [ ˈbrɔːdkɑːstə ] | ведущий / комментатор |
| compete | [ kəmˈpiːt ] | соревноваться |
| contestant | [ kənˈtestənt ] | участник соревнований |
| controversy | [ ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi ] | разногласие |
| doping | [ ˈdəʊpɪŋ ] | допинг |
| facilities | [ fəˈsɪlɪtɪz ] | (cпортивные) сооружения |
| fanfare | [ ˈfænfeə ] | фанфары |
| host | [ həʊst ] | страна-хозяйка олимпиады |
| humanity | [ hjuːˈmænɪti ] | человечество |
| mascot | [ ˈmæskət ] | талисман |
| medal | [ ˈmedl̩ ] | медаль |
| motto | [ ˈmɒtəʊ ] | девиз |
| nationality | [ ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti ] | гражданство |
| oath | [ əʊθ ] | клятва |
| participant | [ pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt ] | участник |
| partisanship | [ ˌpɑːtɪˈzænʃɪp ] | несправедливое судейство (обычно по политическим причинам) |
| postpone | [ ˌpəust"pəun] | перенести (начало соревнований) |
| preliminaries | [ prɪˈlɪmɪnərɪz ] | предварительные соревнования |
| purity | [ ˈpjʊərɪti ] | чистота |
| qualify | [ ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ ] | пройти квалификацию на соответствие минимальным требованиям |
| representative | [ ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv ] | представитель |
| security | [ sɪˈkjʊərɪti ] | охранник |
| spectator | [ spekˈteɪtə ] | зритель |
| sponsor | [ ˈspɒnsə ] | спонсор |
| spokesman | [ ˈspəʊksmən ] | человек (часто - спортсмен), представляющий компанию на рынке или в сми |
| sportsmanship | [ ˈspɔːtsmənʃɪp ] | спортивный дух честности и справедливости |
| stamina | [ ˈstæmɪnə ] | выносливость |
| standings | [ ˈstændɪŋz ] | положение в турнирной таблице |
| substitute | [ ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt ] | запасной игрок, выходящий на замену |
| swifter | [ ˈswɪftə ] | быстрее |
| symbol | [ ˈsɪmbl̩ ] | символ |
| torch | [ tɔːtʃ ] | факел |
| venue | [ ˈvenjuː ] | место проведения игр, (спортивная площадка и т. п.) |
| victory | [ ˈvɪktəri ] | победа |
Summer Olympic Games (Text)
By Kenneth Beare
The Summer Olympic Games will be held in London, England beginning July 17, 2012. Competitors from around the world will compete for the gold, silver or bronze medals. For some athletes, winning is not a real possibility. However, they will strive to set personal and / or national bests in their events. Of course, many world records will also be broken during these games. The intensely competitive nature of the games, the strong national pride involved and the challenge in facing the best athletes from around the world combine to demand the top performances from each individual.
In a world where soccer (football), basketball, golf and tennis dominate television broadcasts, the Summer Olympic Games provide a chance to observe sports not usually covered. When was the last time you watched water polo, or fencing? Chances are you watched them during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Greece. In this age when many people are fortunate enough to have cable TV connections, spectators can watch a wide variety of athletic competitions.
Athletics and wrestling are probably the oldest sports in the Olympic Games. The tradition of these sports goes back to the original games held in ancient Greece over 2500 years ago. Some of my favorite events include the javelin throw, the high jump and the pole vault, as well as the hurdles. There will also be a wide variety of water sports that include canoeing, sailing and diving. Naturally, swimming is probably the most popular water sport with a wide variety of competitive events including backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle and more.
The summer games also include a number of events that have recently been introduced to the games. Kayaking and mountain biking, baseball and beach volleyball are just a few. I certainly haven"t mentioned all the sports - who would want to miss gymnastics - but you get the idea. Turn on your TV, relax and enjoy a moment of peace and togetherness in this struggling world of ours. The Summer Olympic Games provides an example that we all should follow: competition with respect.
The Olympic Games are one of the most spectacular reminders of the debt we owe to the Greeks.
The original Olympic Games were held every four years in honour of Zeus, the supreme god of Greek religion. The first record of the games dates from 776 B.C., but it is certain that they existed prior to that. They were held continuously for over 1.000 years until they were abolished in the reign of King Theodosius about 392 A.D. The Olympic festival was a great unifying bond between the Independent city-states of Greece.
The important sports in the original Olympic Games were running, jumping, wrestling, throwing the discus and throwing the javelin. Only men competed and they wore no clothes in order to have greater freedom of movement. Each competitor had to take the Olympic Oath - a promise to behave in a sportsman-like fashion.
The modern Olympic era began in 1894 when Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to revive the ancient Greek tradition of celebrating health, youth and peace with a sports festival. Baron de Coubertin created the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the first modem Olympiad took place in Athens in 1896. Since then the Olympic Games have been held every four years with only two exceptions because of the two world wars.
Even though the modern Olympic Games embrace the whole world, the connection with Greece is still very strong. A lighted torch is brought all the way from Greece, carried by a relay of runners, in order to light the Olympic Flame which bums all through the Games. As in ancient Greek times, the competitors still take the Olympic Oath. The long-distance race is still called the Marathon. Marathon was a village about 26 miles from Athens. In the year 490 BC the Greeks defeated a powerful Persian army at that spot. After the fierce day"s fighting a soldier volunteered to bring news of the victory to the anxious citizens of Athens. He ran all the way and after gasping out the message. "Rejoice, we conquer!" he collapsed and died.
One important rule of the Olympic Games is that the competitors must be amateurs. This rule has been under a lot of pressure in recent years because modem sport is so professional and competitive. Athletes train for years to take part in the Olympics and some countries spend much more than others on equipment and facilities. But despite these pressures, the amateur rule remains.
In modern times the Olympic movement has become an enormous and expensive organisation, It"s controlled by the International Olympic Committee, which consists of members from all the participating countries. The IOC is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It chooses the locations of both summer and winter games (both take place once very four years, with winter games half a year before summer Olympiads). It also controls the rules of the competitions and selects new Olympic sports. The famous flag of the IOC shows five rings of different colours linked together. The rings represent the five continents.
The Olympic Games are an international sports competition which are held every four years in a different city. Thousands of athletes from all over the world compete against each other in individual and team sports. Over 1 billion people watch the games on TV.
The first Olympic Games were held in Greece in 776 B.C. They were called the ancient games and lasted until the 4th century A.D. The modern games began in 1896, when the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin revived the games to bring peace and friendship to the young people all over the world.
Today, there are summer and winter games. Up to 1994 both games were held in the same year, but now they are staged two years apart from each other.
Ceremonies and symbols
The Olympic Games begin with the opening ceremony. Athletes from all the participating nations march into the stadium. Greece comes in first, because it was the first nation to hold the Olympics and the host nation comes in last.
The Olympic flag is raised and a chosen athlete lights the Olympic flame. It is a symbol of spirit, knowledge and life. The fire comes from Olympia, a small town in Greece and many runners transport the flame in a torch relay to the site of the games. It burns from the opening ceremony until the end of the games.
The Olympic rings were created in 1913 and represent the five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia and the Americas).
All athletes must take the Olympic oath. One of them has to promise that all athletes will give their best and compete in a fair way.
After each event, medals are given to the first three athletes. They receive gold, silver and bronze medals. Their flags are raised and the national anthem of the winner"s country is played.
The International Olympic Committee
The IOC is the organisation that governs the games. It decides which sports and events are held at the games. The IOC also selects the host city for the summer and winter games, at least seven years before they take place. Cities that want the games must show that
They have enough stadiums for all events
they have enough room for all the athletes
they can provide safety for the athletes
they can transport athletes and spectators from one event to another
Host cities must build an Olympic village where all athletes live during the games.
How can athletes take part?
Normally, each country decides for itself which sportsmen and –women are allowed to take part. Athletes must qualify for the games by winning or doing well in competitions before the Olympic Games start.
Athletes, who are sent to the games by their country must be a citizen of that country. For years, only amateurs were able to participate in the games, but today, most athletes are professionals, who earn their money through sport.
Most governments give their team money so that it can take part in the games.
The ancient Games
The ancient Olympic Games were celebrated at Olympia, Greece every four years. They were held in honour of the god Zeus. In the early games, only Greek men were allowed to participate. The games consisted of sports like footraces, wrestling, boxing, the pentathlon and horse racing. The last event of the games was usually a chariot race.
When the Romans conquered Greece in 140 B.C. the games started to lose their religious meaning and in 393 the Roman emperor banned the event.
The Summer Games
The Summer Games are held during the summer season of the host country. They last for 16 days. Today, there are more than 270 events during the games. Over 15,000 athletes from 190 nations take part.
The next Summer Games will be held in London (2012).
The Winter Games
The first separate Winter Games were held in Chamonix, France in 1924. They usually take place in February. Today, the Winter Olympics include over 60 events. Athletes from more than 60 countries participate.
Politics and the Olympic Games
In the past, the Olympic Games have been disturbed by political issues. In 1936 the IOC chose Berlin as the site for the 1936 Summer Games. A few years later, Adolf Hitler"s Nazi Party rose to power and Hitler used the games to show Germany"s power.
In 1968 two Black American runners protested against their government and raised their fists when the American national anthem was played.
In 1980 the USA-and many other countries-didn"t send athletes to the games in Moscow because the Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan a year before. In return, the Russians and other Communist countries refused to take part in the 1984 games in Los Angeles.
The worst day in Olympic history came on September 5th, 1972 during the Munich games. Eight Palestinian terrorists broke into the Olympic village and killed two Israeli athletes. 9 others were taken hostage. They wanted the Israeli government to set free over 400 Arab prisoners in Israel. During a battle with German policemen all hostages and the terrorists were killed.
Olympia today
The Olympic Games have become very successful over the past years. More and more people are able to watch them on TV and television stations are spending more money for the rights to broadcast the games. The IOC earns more money than ever before. With this money they help athletes in poorer countries.
Drugs have become a big problem. Some athletes take drugs before and during the games in order to help their muscles grow. When they are caught they are disqualified and their medals are taken away from them.